Policies, plans and programmes of tribal development and their implementation
Policies, plans, and programs for tribal
development are crucial to addressing the historical marginalization and
socio-economic challenges faced by tribal communities in India. Anthropology
examines how these policies are formulated, their objectives, and the
challenges encountered during their implementation. Here's a detailed
explanation:
Policies, Plans, and Programs for Tribal Development:
1. Scheduled Tribes and Their Development:
Scheduled Tribes (STs) are recognized as the most marginalized and vulnerable
sections of society in India. Policies aim to uplift and empower them by
addressing their socio-economic, educational, and cultural needs.
2. Fifth Schedule of the Constitution: The Fifth
Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for the administration and control
of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. It aims to protect the rights of
tribal communities over their land and resources while ensuring their
participation in decision-making processes.
3. Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP): The Tribal Sub-Plan is a
strategy to channel funds specifically for tribal development. A percentage of
the total plan allocation of states and Union Territories is set aside for
projects and programs benefiting STs.
4. Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs):
ITDPs are implemented in tribal areas to address their multifaceted development
needs. These projects focus on education, healthcare, infrastructure, and
livelihood opportunities.
5. Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act,
1996: This act empowers tribal communities in scheduled areas by providing
autonomy to local self-governance institutions. It recognizes their traditional
customs, laws, and community practices.
6. Forest Rights Act, 2006: The Forest Rights Act
aims to recognize and vest the rights of forest-dwelling communities, including
Scheduled Tribes, over forest lands and resources. It prevents their
displacement from forests they have traditionally inhabited.
Implementation Challenges:
1. Land Alienation: Despite protective measures,
land alienation remains a major challenge. Tribal lands are often taken over
for developmental projects, mining, and urbanization without proper
compensation, leading to displacement and loss of livelihood.
2. Lack of Access to Education: Ensuring quality
education in tribal areas is difficult due to inadequate infrastructure, lack
of trained teachers, and cultural barriers. This leads to low enrollment and
high dropout rates among tribal children.
3. Healthcare Disparities: Tribal communities often
lack access to proper healthcare facilities, resulting in high morbidity and
mortality rates. Inadequate medical infrastructure and traditional beliefs
impact healthcare seeking behavior.
4. Livelihood and Economic Challenges: Tribal
communities depend on agriculture, forest resources, and traditional
occupations. Lack of access to markets, credit, and modern farming techniques
affects their income generation.
5. Cultural Preservation: Development initiatives
sometimes lead to cultural erosion as tribal communities are exposed to
external influences. Preserving their cultural heritage while advancing
socio-economic progress is a delicate balance.
6. Limited Participation in Decision-Making:
Despite legal provisions, tribal communities are often excluded from
decision-making processes that affect their lives and resources. This
undermines their autonomy and self-governance.
7. Displacement: Large-scale development projects
and industrialization often result in the displacement of tribal communities.
Rehabilitation and resettlement measures are often inadequate, leading to loss
of traditional livelihoods and identity.
Efforts and Way Forward:
Efforts to address these challenges include:
1. Strengthening decentralized governance through
the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act.
2. Promoting education through schools with
multi-lingual, culturally sensitive curricula.
3. Ensuring adequate healthcare facilities and health
awareness campaigns.
4. Facilitating sustainable livelihood
opportunities through skill development and value addition.
5. Recognizing traditional knowledge and practices
in resource management.
6. Enhancing the role of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and tribal organizations in development planning.
Anthropology emphasizes the need for holistic and
participatory approaches in tribal development, respecting their cultural
diversity, land rights, and self-determination.
Certainly, here are multiple-choice questions
(MCQs) along with their answers related to policies, plans, and programs of
tribal development and their implementation:
Policies, Plans, and Programs of Tribal
Development:
1. The Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India are
recognized as the most:
a) Economically affluent
b) Linguistically diverse
c) Marginalized and vulnerable
d) Urbanized communities
Answer: c) Marginalized and vulnerable
2. Which Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals
with the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes?
a) First Schedule
b) Fourth Schedule
c) Fifth Schedule
d) Ninth Schedule
Answer: c) Fifth Schedule
3. The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) allocates a percentage
of plan allocation for:
a) Urban development
b) Defense projects
c) Tribal development projects
d) Religious institutions
Answer: c) Tribal development projects
4. Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs)
focus on addressing the development needs of tribal areas in domains such as:
a) Industrialization
b) Agriculture
c) Information technology
d) Space exploration
Answer: b) Agriculture
5. The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)
Act, 1996 empowers tribal communities by granting autonomy to:
a) National government
b) Local self-governance institutions
c) Private corporations
d) Foreign investors
Answer: b) Local self-governance
institutions
6. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognizes and vests
the rights of forest-dwelling communities, including STs, over:
a) Urban lands
b) Agricultural lands
c) Forest lands and resources
d) Mineral-rich areas
Answer: c) Forest lands and resources
Implementation Challenges:
7. Land alienation remains a challenge for tribal
communities due to:
a) Excessive land ownership
b) Inadequate government support
c) Lack of developmental projects
d) Displacement and inadequate
compensation
Answer: d) Displacement and inadequate
compensation
8. Lack of access to quality education in tribal
areas is due to factors such as:
a) Overemphasis on vocational training
b) Abundance of schools and teachers
c) Inadequate infrastructure and
trained teachers
d) High literacy rates
Answer: c) Inadequate infrastructure
and trained teachers
9. Healthcare disparities in tribal communities are
primarily due to:
a) Overabundance of healthcare
facilities
b) Lack of traditional medicine
practices
c) Inadequate medical infrastructure
and cultural barriers
d) Government's focus on urban areas
Answer: c) Inadequate medical
infrastructure and cultural barriers
10. Economic challenges faced by tribal communities
include:
a) Overreliance on modern technology
b) Limited access to markets and
credit
c) Low population density
d) Preference for non-agricultural
occupations
Answer: b) Limited access to markets
and credit
11. Efforts to address cultural preservation while
advancing socio-economic progress involve:
a) Imposing cultural uniformity
b) Ignoring cultural diversity
c) Recognizing and preserving
traditional knowledge and practices
d) Encouraging rapid urbanization
Answer: c) Recognizing and preserving
traditional knowledge and practices
Efforts and Way Forward:
12. The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)
Act aims to empower tribal communities by providing them with:
a) Free land ownership
b) Autonomy in decision-making
c) Exclusive access to resources
d) Exclusive access to educational
institutions
Answer: b) Autonomy in
decision-making
13. Which approach is recommended to promote
education in tribal areas?
a) Ignoring cultural practices
b) Implementing a centralized
curriculum
c) Providing schools with
multi-lingual, culturally sensitive curricula
d) Excluding tribal languages from
education
Answer: c) Providing schools with
multi-lingual, culturally sensitive curricula
14. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 ensures the rights
of forest-dwelling communities over forest lands and resources to prevent:
a) Forest conservation
b) Displacement from their
traditional habitats
c) Urbanization
d) Industrialization
Answer: b) Displacement from their
traditional habitats
15. Efforts to address socio-economic challenges
include recognizing traditional knowledge and practices in:
a) Urban planning
b) Resource management
c) Foreign investment
d) Military strategy
Answer: b) Resource management
16. The main objective of the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)
is to channel funds specifically for the development of:
a) Urban areas
b) Rural areas
c) Tribal communities
d) Religious institutions
Answer: c) Tribal communities
17. Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs)
focus on addressing the multifaceted development needs of:
a) Urban youth
b) Agricultural sector
c) Tribal areas
d) Industries
Answer: c) Tribal areas
18. The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)
Act, 1996 is designed to empower which level of governance?
a) National government
b) State government
c) Local self-governance institutions
d) Central government
Answer: c) Local self-governance
institutions
19. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognizes the
rights of forest-dwelling communities to protect them from:
a) Forest conservation efforts
b) Economic development
c) Displacement from forest lands
d) Environmental pollution
Answer: c) Displacement from forest
lands
20. Which challenge is associated with land
alienation among tribal communities?
a) Excessive land ownership
b) Inadequate government support
c) Lack of industrialization
d) Displacement and inadequate
compensation
Answer: d) Displacement and
inadequate compensation
21. Lack of access to quality education in tribal
areas is primarily due to:
a) Sufficient infrastructure and
resources
b) High literacy rates
c) Inadequate infrastructure and
trained teachers
d) Availability of private schools
Answer: c) Inadequate infrastructure
and trained teachers
22. Healthcare disparities among tribal communities
are exacerbated by:
a) Adequate medical infrastructure
b) Government support
c) Inadequate cultural awareness
d) Abundance of healthcare facilities
Answer: c) Inadequate cultural
awareness
23. Economic challenges faced by tribal communities
include limited access to:
a) Modern technology
b) Markets and credit
c) Urban areas
d) Traditional occupations
Answer: b) Markets and credit
24. Efforts to address cultural preservation while
advancing socio-economic progress involve:
a) Encouraging rapid urbanization
b) Imposing cultural uniformity
c) Recognizing and preserving
traditional knowledge and practices
d) Ignoring cultural diversity
Answer: c) Recognizing and preserving
traditional knowledge and practices
25. The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas)
Act aims to empower tribal communities by providing autonomy to:
a) State government
b) Local self-governance institutions
c) Central government
d) Private corporations
Answer: b) Local self-governance
institutions
26. Which approach is recommended to promote
education in tribal areas?
a) Providing centralized curriculum
b) Excluding tribal languages from
education
c) Implementing a one-size-fits-all
approach
d) Providing culturally sensitive
curricula
Answer: d) Providing culturally
sensitive curricula
27. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 ensures the rights
of forest-dwelling communities over forest lands and resources to prevent:
a) Forest degradation
b) Environmental conservation
c) Displacement from their
traditional habitats
d) Government intervention
Answer: c) Displacement from their
traditional habitats
28. Efforts to address socio-economic challenges
include recognizing traditional knowledge and practices in:
a) Urban planning
b) Resource management
c) Industrialization
d) Foreign investment
Answer: b) Resource management
29. The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) aims to allocate
funds for the development of which communities?
a) Urban communities
b) Rural communities
c) Tribal communities
d) Religious communities
Answer: c) Tribal communities
30. The Forest Rights Act, 2006 recognizes the
rights of forest-dwelling communities over forest lands to prevent:
a) Economic development
b) Displacement from forest lands
c) Environmental conservation
d) Industrialization
Answer: b) Displacement from forest lands
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