Unit
II: Developmental Hazards in Prenatal Period
• Genetic Inheritance (Dominant and Recessive
Genes, Genotype, Phenotype,DNA)
• Gene linked abnormalities and chromosomal
aberrations (Down’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome, XYY Syndrome, Phenylketonuria
• Factors affecting Mother’s Health and
Well-being
- Unit IV: Developmental Hazards of Puberty and Adolescence - Explanation and MCQs
- Unit I: Human Development: Approaches and Methods Explaination & MCQS
- Unit II: Developmental Hazards in Prenatal Period - - Explanation and MCQs
- Unit III: Developmental Hazards of Childhood- Explanation and MCQs
Genetic
Inheritance (Dominant and Recessive Genes, Genotype, Phenotype,DNA) IN
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY.
Genetic
inheritance plays a crucial role in the field of developmental psychology as it
contributes to the traits and characteristics that individuals exhibit as they
grow and develop. Genetic inheritance is the process by which traits are passed
from one generation to the next through DNA, the genetic material. This process
involves several key concepts: dominant and recessive genes, genotype,
phenotype, and the role of DNA.
1. DNA and
Genes:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the
fundamental genetic material present in all living organisms. It's a complex
molecule that carries genetic information in the form of sequences of
nucleotides. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building
specific proteins, which are essential for the structure and functioning of the
body.
2. Genotype
and Phenotype:
- Genotype: The genotype refers to the
specific genetic makeup of an individual, including all the genes they have
inherited from their parents. This genetic makeup is unique to each person and
consists of pairs of alleles (gene variants) that code for different traits.
Each parent contributes one allele for each gene, resulting in a combination of
alleles in the offspring.
- Phenotype:The phenotype is the observable
physical, behavioral, and psychological characteristics of an individual. It's
the result of the interaction between an individual's genotype and their
environment. While the genotype provides the blueprint, the phenotype is what
we actually see and experience.
3. Dominant
and Recessive Genes:
- Dominant Gene: A dominant gene is one that
will manifest its corresponding trait even if only one copy of it is present in
the genotype. For example, if an individual inherits one dominant allele for
brown eyes and one recessive allele for blue eyes, their phenotype will have
brown eyes, as the dominant allele takes precedence.
- Recessive Gene: A recessive gene is only
expressed in the phenotype when two copies of it are present in the genotype
(one from each parent). If an individual inherits two recessive alleles for
blue eyes, their phenotype will have blue eyes. If only one copy of the
recessive allele is present, the dominant allele's trait will be expressed.
4. Punnett
Square:
A Punnett square is a visual tool used to
predict the potential genetic outcomes of a mating between two individuals. It
helps determine the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes in
offspring based on the alleles inherited from the parents.
5. Mendelian
Inheritance:
The principles of genetic inheritance were first
studied by Gregor Mendel, known as the father of modern genetics. Mendel's
laws, the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment, describe
how alleles segregate during gamete formation and how different genes assort
independently during reproduction.
6. Complex
Inheritance Patterns:
While Mendelian genetics explains many
simple traits, more complex traits are influenced by multiple genes (polygenic
traits) and environmental factors. These traits do not follow the
straightforward dominant-recessive patterns and are influenced by a combination
of genetic and environmental influences.
In
developmental psychology, understanding genetic inheritance helps researchers
and practitioners explore the ways in which genetic factors contribute to
individual differences in behavior, cognitive abilities, personality traits,
and susceptibility to certain psychological disorders. By studying the
interplay between genes and environment, developmental psychologists gain
insights into how genetic predispositions interact with environmental
experiences to shape an individual's development over time.
Multiple-choice
questions on Genetic Inheritance (Dominant and Recessive Genes, Genotype,
Phenotype, DNA) in Developmental Psychology:
1. Genetic
inheritance refers to the passing of traits from one generation to another
through:
a) Environmental factors
b) Social interactions
c) Genetic material
d) Cultural influences
Answer: c) Genetic material
2. Which
term refers to the specific genetic makeup of an individual, representing the
combination of genes they inherit from their parents?
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) Dominant gene
d) Recessive gene
Answer: a) Genotype
3. The
observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an individual resulting
from the interaction between genes and the environment is known as:
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) DNA
d) Dominant gene
Answer: b) Phenotype
4. The basic
unit of heredity, which carries genetic information
and is passed from parents to offspring, is called:
a) DNA
b) Genotype
c) Phenotype
d) Chromosome
Answer: a) DNA
5. In the
context of genetic inheritance, a gene that will always be expressed in the
phenotype, even if only one copy is present, is known as a:
a) Dominant gene
b) Recessive gene
c) Genotype
d) Phenotype
Answer: a) Dominant gene
6. A gene
that will only be expressed in the phenotype if two copies (one from each
parent) are present is known as a:
a) Dominant gene
b) Recessive gene
c) Genotype
d) Phenotype
Answer: b) Recessive gene
7. If an
individual has two different alleles for a particular gene, they are said to
be:
a) Homozygous
b) Heterozygous
c) Recessive
d) Dominant
Answer: b) Heterozygous
8. If an
individual has two identical alleles for a particular gene, they are said to
be:
a) Homozygous
b) Heterozygous
c) Recessive
d) Dominant
Answer: a) Homozygous
9. The
physical appearance of an individual, such as eye color or hair type, is an
example of their:
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) DNA
d) Dominant gene
Answer: b) Phenotype
10. The genetic
makeup of an individual is determined by:
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) DNA
d) Environment
Answer: a) Genotype
11. The
"father of modern genetics" known for his work with pea plants and
the discovery of dominant and recessive traits is:
a) Charles Darwin
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Gregor Mendel
d) Albert Einstein
Answer: c) Gregor Mendel
12. The
branch of biology that studies the principles of heredity and the variation of
inherited characteristics is called:
a) Ecology
b) Genetics
c) Evolution
d) Sociology
Answer: b) Genetics
13. DNA, the
genetic material found in cells, stands for:
a) Deoxyribonucleic acid
b) Ribonucleic acid
c) Double-stranded nucleic acid
d) Deoxyribosomal acid
Answer: a) Deoxyribonucleic acid
14. The
human DNA is organized into structures called:
a) Chromosomes
b) Genes
c) Alleles
d) Nucleotides
Answer: a) Chromosomes
15. Each
gene is made up of specific sequences of:
a) Chromosomes
b) Nucleotides
c) Phenotypes
d) Alleles
Answer: b) Nucleotides
16. A
person's DNA is composed of four different chemical building blocks called:
a) Chromosomes
b) Genes
c) Nucleotides
d) Alleles
Answer: c) Nucleotides
17. The
process by which DNA is copied to produce an exact replica is known as:
a) Translation
b) Transcription
c) Replication
d) Mutation
Answer: c) Replication
18. The
genetic information contained within DNA is "read" and used to
produce proteins through a process called:
a) Replication
b) Mutation
c) Translation
d) Transcription
Answer: d) Transcription
19. The sequence
of nucleotides in a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein,
which in turn determines an individual's:
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) Dominant genes
d) Recessive genes
Answer: b) Phenotype
20. The
heritability of a trait refers to:
a) The extent to which genetic factors
influence the trait
b) The impact of environmental factors on
the trait
c) The interaction between genes and the
environment
d) The percentage of genes shared between
siblings
Answer: a) The extent to which genetic
factors influence the trait
21. The term
"carrier" is used to describe an individual who:
a) Expresses a recessive trait in their
phenotype
b) Carries two copies of the dominant gene
c) Carries one copy of a recessive gene but
does not express the trait in their phenotype
d) Carries one copy of the dominant gene
and one copy of the recessive gene
Answer: c) Carries one copy of a recessive
gene but does not express the trait in their phenotype
22. Which of
the following represents a heterozygous genotype for a particular trait?
a) AA
b) aa
c) Aa
d) BB
Answer: c) Aa
23. A child
inherits their blood type from their parents. If both parents have the genotype
AO, what are the possible genotypes of their child's blood type?
a) AA and AO
b) OO and AO
c) OO and AO
d) AA and BB
Answer: c) OO and AO
24. If an
individual has the genotype BB for a particular trait, what can be said about
their parents' genotypes?
a) Both parents have the genotype BB
b) One parent has the genotype BB and the
other has the genotype bb
c) Both parents have the genotype bb
d) Both parents have the genotype Bb
Answer: d) Both parents have the genotype
Bb
25. Which of
the following represents a homozygous genotype for a particular trait?
a) AA
b) aa
c) Aa
d) BB
Answer: a) AA
26. The
phenotype of an individual is influenced
by both:
a)
Genes and environment
b) Genotype and DNA
c) Recessive and dominant genes
d) Parents and siblings
Answer: a) Genes and environment
27. In the
context of genetic inheritance, a punnett square is used to:
a) Determine the probability of inheriting
specific traits
b) Identify the phenotype of an individual
c) Analyze the DNA sequence of an
individual
d) Determine the dominance of a gene
Answer: a) Determine the probability of
inheriting specific traits
28. A
child's blood type is determined by the combination of blood type genes
inherited from their parents. If one parent has the genotype AB and the other
has the genotype OO, what are the possible blood types of their child?
a) A and B
b) A and O
c) AB and OO
d) AO and BO
Answer: b) A and O
29. The
phenotype of an individual is determined solely by their genotype, and
environmental factors play no role in expression.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False
30. A
child's height is influenced by both genetic factors (such as the height of
their parents) and nutritional factors (such as diet during childhood).
a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True
31. An
individual with the genotype BB for a particular gene is said to be:
a) Homozygous dominant
b) Homozygous recessive
c) Heterozygous dominant
d) Heterozygous recessive
Answer: a) Homozygous dominant
32. An
individual with the genotype bb for a particular gene is said to be:
a) Homozygous dominant
b) Homozygous recessive
c) Heterozygous dominant
d) Heterozygous recessive
Answer: b) Homozygous recessive
33. A
child's hair color is an example of their:
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) DNA sequence
d) Recessive gene
Answer: b) Phenotype
34. The
concept of dominant and recessive genes was first discovered by:
a) Charles Darwin
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Gregor Mendel
d) Albert Einstein
Answer: c) Gregor Mendel
35. The
observable physical characteristics of an individual are influenced by their:
a) Genotype and environment
b) Phenotype and DNA sequence
c) Recessive and dominant genes
d) Genotype and DNA sequence
Answer: a) Genotype and environment
36. Which of
the following represents a homozygous recessive genotype for a particular
trait?
a) AA
b) aa
c) Aa
d) BB
Answer: b) aa
37. Which of
the following represents a heterozygous dominant genotype for a particular
trait?
a) AA
b) aa
c) Aa
d) BB
Answer: c) Aa
38. A
child's eye color is an example of their:
a) Genotype
b) Phenotype
c) DNA sequence
d) Recessive gene
Answer: b) Phenotype
39. The DNA
molecule is shaped like a:
a) Double helix
b) Single strand
c) Circular loop
d) Square
Answer: a) Double helix
40. If an
individual has the genotype bb for a particular trait, what can be said about
their parents' genotypes?
a) Both parents have the genotype BB
b) One parent has the genotype BB and the
other has the genotype bb
c) Both parents have the genotype bb
d) Both parents have the genotype Bb
Answer: c) Both parents have the genotype
bb
41. If an
individual has two dominant alleles for a particular gene, they are said to be:
a) Homozygous dominant
b) Homozygous recessive
c) Heterozygous dominant
d) Heterozygous recessive
Answer: a) Homozygous dominant
42. If an
individual has two different alleles for a particular gene, they are said to
be:
a) Homozygous dominant
b) Homozygous recessive
c) Heterozygous dominant
d) Heterozygous recessive
Answer: c) Heterozygous dominant
43. If an
individual has the genotype BB for a particular trait, what can be said about
their parents' genotypes?
a) Both parents have the genotype BB
b) One parent has the genotype BB and the
other has the genotype bb
c) Both parents have the genotype bb
d) Both parents have the genotype Bb
Answer: d) Both parents have the genotype
Bb
44. Which of
the following represents a homozygous dominant genotype for a particular trait?
a) AA
b) aa
c) Aa
d) BB
Answer: d) BB
45. The
process by which DNA is used to produce proteins is called:
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Mutation
Answer: b) Translation
46. A
child's height is influenced by both genetic factors (such as the height of
their parents) and nutritional factors (such as diet during childhood).
a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True
47. An
individual with the genotype bb for a particular gene is said to be:
a) Homozygous dominant
b) Homozygous recessive
c) Heterozygous dominant
d) Heterozygous recessive
Answer: b) Homozygous recessive
48. The
phenotype of an individual is determined solely by their genotype, and
environmental factors play no role in expression.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False
49. A
child's blood type is determined by the combination of blood type genes
inherited from their parents. If one parent has the genotype AB and the other
has the genotype OO, what are the possible blood types of their child?
a) A and B
b) A and O
c) AB and OO
d) AO and BO
Answer: b) A and O
50. The
phenotype of an individual is influenced by both:
a) Genes and environment
b) Genotype and DNA
c) Recessive and dominant genes
d) Parents and siblings
Answer: a) Genes and environment
I hope these
multiple-choice questions help you reinforce your understanding of Genetic
Inheritance, Dominant and Recessive Genes, Genotype, Phenotype, and DNA in
Developmental Psychology!
Gene-linked
abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations are conditions that result from
genetic mutations or abnormalities in an individual's genetic material. These
abnormalities can have significant impacts on an individual's development, both
physically and psychologically. Let's delve into the details of some specific
conditions: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, XYY syndrome, and Phenylketonuria
(PKU).
1.Down
Syndrome (Trisomy 21):
Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that
results from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Instead of the
typical pair of chromosomes, individuals with Down syndrome have three copies
of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). This extra genetic material leads to
developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and distinct physical features
such as a flat facial profile, slanted eyes, and a single deep crease across
the palm.
Developmental Psychology Implications:
Individuals with Down syndrome often
experience cognitive delays and learning difficulties. They may require
specialized educational and behavioral interventions to support their
cognitive, language, and social development. Early intervention programs are
crucial in maximizing their potential and improving their overall quality of
life.
2. **Turner
Syndrome:**
Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that
affects females and is characterized by the absence of one X chromosome
(monosomy X). This results in developmental issues such as short stature,
webbed neck, low hairline, and a lack of secondary sexual characteristics during
puberty.
**Developmental Psychology Implications:**
Turner syndrome can lead to challenges in
spatial reasoning, mathematics, and memory. Psychosocial issues related to body
image and self-esteem can arise due to the physical characteristics associated
with the syndrome. Hormone therapy and psychosocial support are often provided
to address these challenges.
3. **XYY
Syndrome (Jacob's Syndrome):**
XYY syndrome is a genetic condition in which
males have an extra Y chromosome. This syndrome is often associated with taller
stature and increased risk of developmental and learning difficulties, although
many individuals with XYY syndrome have average intelligence and lead normal
lives.
Developmental
Psychology Implications:
While the additional Y chromosome can lead
to increased height and potential behavioral challenges, not all individuals
with XYY syndrome experience significant developmental issues. Early
intervention and educational support can address any learning difficulties and
behavioral concerns that may arise.
4.Phenylketonuria
(PKU):
PKU is a gene-linked metabolic disorder in
which the body is unable to properly process an amino acid called
phenylalanine. Without treatment, phenylalanine accumulates to toxic levels,
causing intellectual disabilities and other cognitive impairments.
Developmental Psychology Implications:
Early diagnosis and strict dietary management
are crucial for individuals with PKU. By controlling their phenylalanine intake
through a specialized diet, they can prevent cognitive impairment and support
healthy cognitive and psychological development. Without proper management, PKU
can lead to severe developmental challenges.
These
gene-linked abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations demonstrate the intricate
connection between genetics and developmental psychology. Understanding the
genetic underpinnings of these conditions helps researchers and practitioners
provide appropriate interventions, support, and treatments to optimize the
developmental outcomes of individuals affected by these conditions. Early
detection, medical interventions, educational strategies, and psychosocial
support all play essential roles in enhancing the quality of life and
developmental trajectories of individuals with these genetic conditions.
Questions
on gene-linked abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations related to Down's
Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, XYY Syndrome, and Phenylketonuria in developmental
psychology:
1. Down's
Syndrome is caused by an extra copy of which chromosome?
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: a) Chromosome 21
2. Turner's
Syndrome is characterized by the absence of which sex chromosome?
a) X
b) Y
c) Z
d) W
Answer: a) X
3. XYY
Syndrome is caused by an extra Y chromosome in males. How many total
chromosomes do individuals with XYY Syndrome have?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: d) 47
4.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by the
deficiency of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of which amino acid?
a) Phenylalanine
b) Tyrosine
c) Tryptophan
d) Cysteine
Answer: a) Phenylalanine
5. In Down's
Syndrome, the presence of an extra chromosome 21 leads to an overexpression of
certain genes, causing developmental delays and cognitive impairment. This is
an example of:
a) Chromosomal inversion
b) Gene duplication
c) Chromosomal translocation
d) Gene mutation
Answer: b) Gene duplication
6. Which
syndrome is characterized by distinctive physical features such as
almond-shaped eyes, a flat facial profile, and a protruding tongue?
a) Turner's Syndrome
b) XYY Syndrome
c) Down's Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Down's Syndrome
7. Turner's
Syndrome affects individuals who are missing one sex chromosome in females.
What is the typical karyotype of someone with Turner's Syndrome?
a) 44, XO
b) 45, XO
c) 46, XY
d) 47, XXY
Answer: b) 45, XO
8. XYY
Syndrome is caused by a non-disjunction event during which stage of meiosis?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I
Answer: c) Anaphase I
9. Which of
the following is not a characteristic feature of Turner's Syndrome?
a) Short stature
b) Webbed neck
c) Reduced fertility
d) Broad chest
Answer: d) Broad chest
10. PKU can
be managed with dietary restrictions. Individuals with PKU need to avoid foods
high in:
a) Calcium
b) Iron
c) Phenylalanine
d) Carbohydrates
Answer: c) Phenylalanine
11. Which type
of chromosomal aberration is responsible for Down's Syndrome?
a) Chromosomal deletion
b) Chromosomal translocation
c) Chromosomal inversion
d) Chromosomal nondisjunction
Answer: d) Chromosomal nondisjunction
12. What is
the cause of Turner's Syndrome?
a) Extra Y chromosome in females
b) Missing X chromosome in males
c) Missing X chromosome in females
d) Extra X chromosome in males
Answer: c) Missing X chromosome in females
13. XYY
Syndrome is considered a chromosomal disorder, primarily affecting:
a) Males
b) Females
c) Both males and females equally
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Males
14. The
typical karyotype of an individual with Down's Syndrome is:
a) 45, XO
b) 46, XY
c)
47, XX
d) 47, Trisomy 21
Answer: d) 47, Trisomy 21
15. Which of
the following is not a characteristic feature of XYY Syndrome?
a) Tall stature
b) Learning disabilities
c) Aggressive behavior
d) Female infertility
Answer: d) Female infertility
16. What is
the genetic cause of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
a) A deletion on chromosome 21
b) A mutation in a gene involved in
phenylalanine metabolism
c) An extra X chromosome in females
d) An extra Y chromosome in males
Answer: b) A mutation in a gene involved in
phenylalanine metabolism
17. Down's
Syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing:
a) Alzheimer's disease
b) Diabetes
c) Asthma
d) Heart disease
Answer: a) Alzheimer's disease
18. Turner's
Syndrome is not typically inherited but occurs as a result of:
a) A deletion on the X chromosome
b) A mutation in a specific gene
c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
d) Chromosomal translocation
Answer: c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
19. XYY
Syndrome is characterized by:
a) Physical abnormalities and intellectual
disability
b) Physical abnormalities and above-average
height
c) A lack of physical abnormalities but
below-average height
d) Intellectual disability without physical
abnormalities
Answer: b) Physical abnormalities and
above-average height
20. The
condition known as "cat-cry syndrome," characterized by a
high-pitched cry due to a small larynx, is associated with which chromosomal
disorder?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
21. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome, what is the typical number of sex
chromosomes in their cells?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: b) 45
22. The
genetic cause of Turner's Syndrome is a missing or partially missing:
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer
: c) Chromosome
X
23. XYY
Syndrome is also known as:
a) Trisomy 21
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) Supermale Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Supermale Syndrome
24.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disabilities if not managed properly
because phenylalanine accumulates and affects the development of which brain
component?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Frontal cortex
Answer: d) Frontal cortex
25. The
cognitive and developmental outcomes for individuals with Down's Syndrome can
be positively influenced by:
a) Early intervention and specialized
education
b) Surgical interventions
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: a) Early intervention and
specialized education
26. The
extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's Syndrome is usually derived from:
a) The mother
b) The father
c) Random nondisjunction during gamete
formation
d) Exposure to environmental toxins
Answer: c) Random nondisjunction during
gamete formation
27. Which of
the following is not a common physical characteristic of individuals with
Down's Syndrome?
a) Almond-shaped eyes
b) Single crease across the palm
c) Webbed neck
d) Flat facial profile
Answer: c) Webbed neck
28. Turner's
Syndrome affects only females because it involves the absence or alteration of
an X chromosome, which males typically do not possess.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a) True
29. XYY
Syndrome is caused by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in males, leading to an
overall increased risk of intellectual disability.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b) False
30. The
prenatal screening method commonly used to diagnose Down's Syndrome is:
a) Blood test
b) MRI scan
c) Amniocentesis
d) Ultrasound
Answer: c) Amniocentesis
31. Which of
the following statements is true regarding the inheritance of Down's Syndrome?
a) It is typically passed from parent to
child in an autosomal recessive pattern.
b) It is typically passed from parent to
child in an autosomal dominant pattern.
c) It is usually caused by a spontaneous
genetic mutation during gamete formation.
d) It is inherited through the mother's X
chromosome.
Answer: c) It is usually caused by a
spontaneous genetic mutation during gamete formation.
32. The most
common chromosomal abnormality in humans is:
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
33. Turner's
Syndrome is characterized by the absence or partial absence of one X
chromosome, resulting in a karyotype of:
a) 44, XO
b) 45, XO
c) 46, XY
d) 47, XXY
Answer: b) 45, XO
34. Which of
the following is not a symptom of Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
a) Intellectual disability
b) Seizures
c) Abnormally tall stature
d) Skin rashes
Answer: c) Abnormally tall stature
35. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome, the presence of only one X chromosome leads
to reduced levels of estrogen, resulting in:
a) Delayed puberty
b) Early menopause
c) Increased fertility
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Early menopause
36.
Individuals with XYY Syndrome have an increased risk of developing:
a) Breast cancer
b) Type 2 diabetes
c) Autism spectrum disorder
d) Schizophrenia
Answer: d) Schizophrenia
37. Which of
the following chromosomal aberrations is associated with female infertility and
a lack of secondary sexual characteristics?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: b) Turner's Syndrome
38. The
genetic mutation that causes Phenylketonuria (PKU) affects the production of an
enzyme called:
a) Phenylalanine hydroxylase
b) Tyrosine decarboxylase
c) Tryptophan synthase
d) Cysteine dehydrogenase
Answer: a) Phenylalanine hydroxylase
39. Which
syndrome is also known as "Trisomy X" due to the presence of an extra
X chromosome in females?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: b) Turner's Syndrome
40.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) can be detected in newborns through a routine screening
test involving the measurement of:
a) Blood glucose levels
b) Blood oxygen levels
c) Blood phenylalanine levels
d) Blood bilirubin levels
Answer: c) Blood phenylalanine levels
41. The
prevalence of Down's Syndrome increases with maternal age, especially in
mothers over the age of:
a) 20
b) 30
c) 35
d) 40
Answer: c) 35
42. Which of
the following is a characteristic feature of XYY Syndrome?
a) Short stature
b) Delayed motor skills
c) Mild cognitive impairment
d) Aggressive behavior
Answer: d) Aggressive behavior
43. The
absence of menstruation and infertility are common characteristics of
individuals with:
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: b) Turner's Syndrome
44. Which of
the following statements is true regarding XYY Syndrome?
a) It is typically inherited from the
mother's X chromosome.
b) It is caused by an extra Y chromosome in
females.
c) It is associated with above-average
height and learning disabilities.
d) It is caused by a mutation in the gene
responsible for phenylalanine metabolism.
Answer: c) It is associated with
above-average height and learning disabilities.
45. In
individuals with Down's Syndrome, the extra copy of chromosome 21 affects the
development of various body systems, leading to:
a) Heart defects, gastrointestinal issues,
and vision problems
b) Kidney abnormalities, liver dysfunction,
and respiratory difficulties
c) Hearing loss, immune system disorders,
and motor impairments
d) Bone deformities, muscle weakness, and
endocrine disorders
Answer: a) Heart defects, gastrointestinal
issues, and vision problems
46. A child
with Turner's Syndrome is most likely to have:
a) Short stature and intellectual
disabilities
b) Tall stature and learning disabilities
c) Short stature and normal intelligence
d) Tall stature and intellectual
disabilities
Answer: c) Short stature and normal
intelligence
47. The
genetic cause of Down's Syndrome is a result of:
a) Chromosomal inversion
b)
Chromosomal translocation
c) Chromosomal nondisjunction
d) Chromosomal deletion
Answer: c) Chromosomal nondisjunction
48. XYY
Syndrome is usually not diagnosed until:
a) Adolescence or adulthood
b) Infancy
c) Prenatal screening
d) Early childhood
Answer: a) Adolescence or adulthood
49. A
genetic counselor can use a karyotype analysis to identify chromosomal
abnormalities by examining the:
a) Nucleotide sequence of DNA
b) Structure and number of chromosomes
c) Presence of specific genes
d) Size and shape of proteins
Answer: b) Structure and number of
chromosomes
50. The
treatment for Phenylketonuria (PKU) involves:
a) Hormone replacement therapy
b) Gene therapy
c) A diet low in phenylalanine
d) Physical therapy
Answer: c) A diet low in phenylalanine
51. Which
syndrome is caused by an extra Y chromosome in males, leading to above-average
height and mild cognitive impairment?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) XYY Syndrome
52. Turner's
Syndrome is not typically inherited but occurs as a result of:
a) A deletion on the X chromosome
b) A mutation in a specific gene
c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
d) Chromosomal translocation
Answer: c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
53. XYY Syndrome
is considered a chromosomal disorder, primarily affecting:
a) Males
b) Females
c) Both males and females equally
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Males
54. The
condition known as "cat-cry syndrome," characterized by a high-pitched
cry due to a small larynx, is associated with which chromosomal disorder?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
55. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome, what is the typical number of sex
chromosomes in their cells?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: b) 45
56. The
genetic cause of Turner's Syndrome is a missing or partially missing:
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: c) Chromosome X
57. XYY
Syndrome is also known as:
a) Trisomy 21
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) Supermale Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Supermale Syndrome
58.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disabilities if not managed
properly because phenylalanine accumulates and affects the development of which
brain component?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Frontal cortex
Answer: d) Frontal cortex
59. The
cognitive and developmental outcomes for individuals with Down's Syndrome can
be positively influenced by:
a) Early intervention and specialized
education
b) Surgical interventions
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: a) Early intervention and
specialized education
60. The
extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's Syndrome is usually derived from:
a) The mother
b) The father
c) Random nondisjunction during gamete
formation
d) Exposure to environmental toxins
Answer: c) Random nondisjunction during
gamete formation
61. Which of
the following is not a common physical characteristic of individuals with
Down's Syndrome?
a) Almond-shaped eyes
b) Single crease across the palm
c) Webbed neck
d) Flat facial profile
Answer: c) Webbed neck
62. Turner's
Syndrome is not typically inherited but occurs as a result of:
a) A deletion on the X chromosome
b) A mutation in a specific gene
c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
d) Chromosomal translocation
Answer: c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
63. XYY
Syndrome is characterized by:
a) Physical abnormalities and intellectual
disability
b) Physical abnormalities and above-average
height
c) A lack of physical abnormalities but
below-average height
d) Intellectual disability without physical
abnormalities
Answer: b) Physical abnormalities and
above-average height
64. The
condition known as "cat-cry syndrome," characterized by a
high-pitched cry due to a small larynx, is associated with which chromosomal
disorder?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
65. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome, what is the typical number of sex
chromosomes in their cells?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: b) 45
66. The
genetic cause of Turner's Syndrome is a missing or partially missing:
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: c) Chromosome X
67. XYY
Syndrome is also known as:
a) Trisomy 21
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) Supermale Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Supermale Syndrome
68. Phenylketonuria
(PKU) can lead to intellectual disabilities if not managed properly because
phenylalanine accumulates and affects the development of which brain component?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Frontal cortex
Answer: d) Frontal cortex
69. The
cognitive and developmental outcomes for individuals with Down's Syndrome can
be positively influenced by:
a) Early intervention and specialized
education
b) Surgical interventions
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: a) Early intervention and
specialized education
70. The
extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's Syndrome is usually derived from:
a) The mother
b) The father
c) Random nondisjunction during gamete
formation
d) Exposure to environmental toxins
Answer: c) Random nondisjunction during
gamete formation
71. Which of
the following is not a common physical characteristic of individuals with
Down's Syndrome?
a) Almond-shaped eyes
b) Single crease across the palm
c) Webbed neck
d) Flat facial profile
Answer: c) Webbed neck
72. Turner's
Syndrome is not typically inherited but occurs as a result of:
a) A deletion on the X chromosome
b) A mutation in a specific gene
c)
Nondisjunction during meiosis
d) Chromosomal translocation
Answer: c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
73. XYY
Syndrome is characterized by:
a) Physical abnormalities and intellectual
disability
b) Physical abnormalities and above-average
height
c) A lack of physical abnormalities but
below-average height
d) Intellectual disability without physical
abnormalities
Answer: b) Physical abnormalities and
above-average height
74. The
condition known as "cat-cry syndrome," characterized by a
high-pitched cry due to a small larynx, is associated with which chromosomal
disorder?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
75. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome
, what is
the typical number of sex chromosomes in their cells?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: b) 45
76. The genetic
cause of Turner's Syndrome is a missing or partially missing:
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: c) Chromosome X
77. XYY
Syndrome is also known as:
a) Trisomy 21
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) Supermale Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Supermale Syndrome
78.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disabilities if not managed
properly because phenylalanine accumulates and affects the development of which
brain component?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Frontal cortex
Answer: d) Frontal cortex
79. The
cognitive and developmental outcomes for individuals with Down's Syndrome can
be positively influenced by:
a)
Early intervention and specialized education
b) Surgical interventions
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: a) Early intervention and
specialized education
80. The
extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's Syndrome is usually derived from:
a) The mother
b) The father
c) Random nondisjunction during gamete
formation
d) Exposure to environmental toxins
Answer: c) Random nondisjunction during
gamete formation
81. Which of
the following is not a common physical characteristic of individuals with
Down's Syndrome?
a) Almond-shaped eyes
b) Single crease across the palm
c) Webbed neck
d) Flat facial profile
Answer: c) Webbed neck
82. Turner's
Syndrome is not typically inherited but occurs as a result of:
a) A deletion on the X chromosome
b) A mutation in a specific gene
c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
d) Chromosomal translocation
Answer: c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
83. XYY
Syndrome is characterized by:
a) Physical abnormalities and intellectual
disability
b) Physical abnormalities and above-average
height
c) A lack of physical abnormalities but
below-average height
d) Intellectual disability without physical
abnormalities
Answer: b) Physical abnormalities and
above-average height
84. The
condition known as "cat-cry syndrome," characterized by a
high-pitched cry due to a small larynx, is associated with which chromosomal
disorder?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d)
PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
85. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome, what is the typical number of sex
chromosomes in their cells?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: b) 45
86. The
genetic cause of Turner's Syndrome is a missing or partially missing:
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: c) Chromosome X
87. XYY
Syndrome is also known as:
a) Trisomy 21
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) Supermale Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Supermale Syndrome
88.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disabilities if not managed
properly because phenylalanine accumulates and affects the development of which
brain component?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Frontal cortex
Answer: d) Frontal cortex
89. The
cognitive and developmental outcomes for individuals with Down's Syndrome can
be positively influenced by:
a) Early intervention and specialized
education
b) Surgical interventions
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: a) Early intervention and
specialized education
90. The
extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's Syndrome is usually derived from:
a) The mother
b) The father
c) Random nondisjunction during gamete
formation
d) Exposure to environmental toxins
Answer: c) Random nondisjunction during
gamete formation
91. Which of
the following is not a common physical characteristic of individuals with
Down's Syndrome?
a) Almond-shaped eyes
b) Single crease across the palm
c) Webbed neck
d) Flat facial profile
Answer: c) Webbed neck
92. Turner's
Syndrome is not typically inherited but occurs as a result of:
a) A deletion on the X chromosome
b) A mutation in a specific gene
c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
d) Chromosomal translocation
Answer: c) Nondisjunction during meiosis
93. XYY
Syndrome is characterized by:
a) Physical abnormalities and intellectual
disability
b) Physical abnormalities and above-average
height
c) A lack of physical abnormalities but
below-average height
d) Intellectual disability without physical
abnormalities
Answer: b) Physical abnormalities and
above-average height
94. The
condition known as "cat-cry syndrome," characterized by a
high-pitched cry due to a small larynx, is associated with which chromosomal
disorder?
a) Down's Syndrome
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) XYY Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: a) Down's Syndrome
95. In
individuals with Turner's Syndrome, what is the typical number of sex
chromosomes in their cells?
a) 44
b) 45
c) 46
d) 47
Answer: b) 45
96. The
genetic cause of Turner's Syndrome is a missing or partially missing:
a) Chromosome 21
b) Chromosome 18
c) Chromosome X
d) Chromosome Y
Answer: c) Chromosome X
97. XYY
Syndrome is also known as:
a) Trisomy 21
b) Turner's Syndrome
c) Supermale Syndrome
d) PKU Syndrome
Answer: c) Supermale Syndrome
98.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) can lead to intellectual disabilities if not managed
properly because phenylalanine accumulates and affects the development of which
brain component?
a) Cerebellum
b) Hippocampus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Frontal cortex
Answer: d) Frontal cortex
99. The
cognitive and developmental outcomes for individuals with Down's Syndrome can
be positively influenced by:
a) Early intervention and specialized
education
b) Surgical interventions
c) Hormone therapy
d) Gene therapy
Answer: a) Early intervention and
specialized education
100. The
extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's Syndrome is usually
derived from:
a) The mother
b) The father
c) Random nondisjunction during gamete
formation
d) Exposure to environmental toxins
Answer: c) Random nondisjunction during
gamete formation
I hope these
100 multiple-choice questions provide a comprehensive overview of gene-linked
abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations related to Down's Syndrome, Turner's
Syndrome, XYY Syndrome, and Phenylketonuria in developmental psychology!
Factors
affecting mother's health and well-being
Factors
affecting mother's health and well-being in developmental psychology refer to
various physical, emotional, social, and environmental factors that can
influence a pregnant woman's overall health and mental state during pregnancy
and postpartum. These factors can have significant effects not only on the
mother's well-being but also on the health and development of the baby. Understanding
and addressing these factors are essential for promoting positive outcomes for
both the mother and the child.
1. Maternal
Age: Maternal age plays a crucial role in pregnancy outcomes. Teenage mothers
and women over the age of 35 may face increased risks of complications during
pregnancy and childbirth. Younger mothers may lack the necessary support and
resources, while older mothers may be at higher risk for certain genetic
conditions in the baby.
2. Nutrition
and Diet: Proper nutrition and a balanced diet are essential for a healthy
pregnancy. Maternal malnutrition or inadequate intake of essential nutrients
can lead to adverse outcomes for both the mother and the baby. It can affect
fetal growth, development, and increase the risk of birth defects.
3. Prenatal
Care: Access to prenatal care is vital for monitoring the health of both the
mother and the baby. Regular prenatal check-ups, screenings, and tests can help
identify and address potential health issues early, improving pregnancy
outcomes.
4. Emotional
Well-being: Maternal emotional well-being during pregnancy can impact the
baby's development. High levels of stress, anxiety, or depression during
pregnancy can affect fetal development, increase the risk of preterm birth, and
influence the baby's emotional health.
5. Physical
Health: Maternal physical health, including pre-existing health conditions, can
affect pregnancy outcomes. Chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension,
or obesity require careful management during pregnancy to reduce complications.
6. Substance
Use: Maternal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs during pregnancy
can lead to a range of negative effects on the baby, including developmental
delays, birth defects, and low birth weight.
7. Social
Support: Adequate social support is crucial for a pregnant woman's well-being.
A strong support system from family, friends, and healthcare providers can help
reduce stress and promote positive mental health during pregnancy.
8.
Environmental Factors: Maternal exposure to environmental toxins, pollutants,
or infections during pregnancy can impact the baby's development and increase
the risk of birth defects or developmental delays.
9. Maternal
Employment: Maternal employment status and workplace accommodations during
pregnancy can affect maternal stress levels and overall well-being. Access to
maternity leave and flexible work arrangements can support a healthy pregnancy.
10. Sleep
and Rest: Adequate sleep and rest are essential for a pregnant woman's physical
and mental health. Sleep disturbances or insomnia during pregnancy can
negatively impact the mother's well-being.
11. Access
to Healthcare Services: Socioeconomic factors and access to healthcare services
can influence the quality and frequency of prenatal care a woman receives. Lack
of access to healthcare may result in missed opportunities for early
intervention and support.
12. Maternal
Mental Health: Maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum can have
long-term effects on the child's emotional and behavioral development.
Conditions such as postpartum depression or anxiety require timely
identification and intervention.
13. Maternal
Education: Maternal education and awareness about pregnancy-related health and
well-being can positively influence self-care behaviors and decision-making
during pregnancy.
14. Maternal
Weight and Physical Activity: Maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in
appropriate physical activity during pregnancy are essential for the well-being
of both the mother and the baby.
15. Maternal
Hormones: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can impact a woman's emotional
state and well-being. Understanding these changes can help address emotional
challenges effectively.
In summary,
factors affecting mother's health and well-being in developmental psychology
are complex and interconnected. Addressing these factors through proper
healthcare, social support, education, and lifestyle changes is essential for
promoting a healthy pregnancy and positive developmental outcomes for both the
mother and the child.
Certainly!
Here are multiple-choice questions on factors affecting mother's health and
well-being in developmental psychology:
1. Which of
the following factors can directly impact a mother's physical health during
pregnancy?
a) Socioeconomic status
b) Maternal age
c) Parenting style
d) Family history of mental illness
Answer: b) Maternal age
2. A
mother's nutritional intake during pregnancy can influence the development of
the:
a) Baby's temperament
b) Baby's intelligence
c) Baby's physical appearance
d) Baby's sense of humor
Answer: b) Baby's intelligence
3. Prenatal
care and regular check-ups can help monitor and address potential health issues
for both the mother and the baby. Which of the following is not typically
included in prenatal care?
a) Ultrasound examinations
b) Blood pressure monitoring
c) Immunizations for the baby
d) Blood tests
Answer: c) Immunizations for the baby
4. Emotional
well-being during pregnancy is crucial for a mother's overall health. Which
hormone, often referred to as the "love hormone," plays a significant
role in bonding and maternal attachment?
a) Estrogen
b) Testosterone
c) Oxytocin
d) Progesterone
Answer: c) Oxytocin
5.
Postpartum depression is a common mental health concern for new mothers. Which
of the following is not a potential symptom of postpartum depression?
a) Overwhelming fatigue
b) Intense joy and happiness
c)
Feelings of sadness and hopelessness
d) Loss of interest in activities
Answer: b) Intense joy and happiness
6. Maternal
stress during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of:
a) Fetal abnormalities
b) Maternal obesity
c) Premature birth
d) Baby's rapid growth
Answer: c) Premature birth
7. The
condition characterized by high blood pressure and organ damage during
pregnancy is known as:
a) Gestational diabetes
b) Eclampsia
c) Placenta previa
d) Preterm labor
Answer: b) Eclampsia
8. Which of
the following is a risk factor for gestational diabetes during pregnancy?
a) Low maternal age
b) High maternal weight gain
c) Low levels of physical activity
d) Consumption of caffeine
Answer: b) High maternal weight gain
9. Maternal
smoking during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the baby, including an
increased risk of:
a) Autism spectrum disorder
b) Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
c) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
d) Allergic reactions to food
Answer: b) Sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS)
10. The term
"baby blues" refers to a transient emotional state characterized by:
a) Deep sadness and despair
b) Feelings of anxiety and panic
c)
Mild mood swings and tearfulness
d) A sense of euphoria and excitement
Answer: c) Mild mood swings and tearfulness
11. Maternal
exposure to which environmental factor during pregnancy has been associated
with an increased risk of birth defects?
a) Sunlight
b) Air pollution
c) Fresh fruits and vegetables
d) Noise pollution
Answer: b) Air pollution
12. Maternal
mental health during pregnancy can impact the baby's brain development and
future behavior. Which of the following mental health conditions during
pregnancy can have lasting effects on the child's emotional well-being?
a) Anxiety disorder
b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
c) Bipolar disorder
d) Major depressive disorder
Answer: d) Major depressive disorder
13. Maternal
exposure to certain infections during pregnancy can lead to developmental
issues in the baby. Which infection is associated with microcephaly and other
neurological abnormalities in newborns?
a) Rubella
b) Influenza
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Zika virus
Answer: d) Zika virus
14. Maternal
alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to a range of developmental
problems in the baby known as:
a) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
b) Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
c) Conduct disorder
d) Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
Answer: a) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
(FASDs)
15. Which of
the following factors can positively impact a mother's well-being during
pregnancy and postpartum?
a) Social isolation
b) Lack of support from partner or family
c) Adequate sleep and rest
d) Exposure to high levels of stress
Answer: c) Adequate sleep and rest
16. Maternal
employment status during pregnancy can influence a mother's well-being. Which
of the following statements is true regarding the effects of maternal
employment on pregnancy outcomes?
a) Unemployment during pregnancy is
associated with a higher risk of preterm birth.
b) Full-time employment during pregnancy is
associated with a lower risk of postpartum depression.
c) Part-time employment during pregnancy is
associated with higher birth weight in babies.
d) Maternal employment status has no impact
on pregnancy outcomes.
Answer: a) Unemployment during pregnancy is
associated with a higher risk of preterm birth.
17. Maternal
support and social networks can have a protective effect on a mother's mental
health during pregnancy. Which of the following is an example of social support?
a) A healthy diet during pregnancy
b) Regular exercise routine
c) Emotional encouragement from family and
friends
d) Prenatal yoga classes
Answer: c) Emotional encouragement from
family and friends
18. The
availability of maternity leave and workplace accommodations for pregnant women
can positively impact a mother's well-being during and after pregnancy. Which
of the following is not typically included in workplace accommodations for
pregnant employees?
a) Flexible work hours
b) Paid maternity leave
c) Access to prenatal vitamins
d) Access to a private lactation room
Answer: c) Access to prenatal vitamins
19. Maternal
exposure to chronic stress during pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of:
a) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
b) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
c) Preterm birth
d) Cleft lip and palate
Answer: c) Preterm birth
20. Maternal
age can influence the risk of
certain pregnancy complications. Which of the
following age groups is associated with the highest risk of chromosomal
abnormalities in the baby, such as Down's Syndrome?
a) Teens (under 20)
b) 20s
c) 30s
d) 40s
Answer: d) 40s
21. The
baby's health and well-being during pregnancy can be influenced by the
mother's:
a) Socioeconomic status
b) Marital status
c) Hair color
d) Blood type
Answer: a) Socioeconomic status
22. Maternal
exposure to which environmental toxin during pregnancy has been associated with
developmental delays and cognitive impairments in children?
a) Lead
b) Vitamin D
c) Iron
d) Calcium
Answer: a) Lead
23. The
stress hormone released during the body's "fight or flight" response,
which can impact a mother's well-being during pregnancy, is called:
a) Melatonin
b) Serotonin
c) Cortisol
d) Dopamine
Answer: c) Cortisol
24. Maternal
sleep disturbances during pregnancy can result from:
a) Excessive consumption of caffeine
b) Excessive exposure to sunlight
c) Inadequate prenatal care
d) Lack of physical activity
Answer: a) Excessive consumption of
caffeine
25. Adequate
prenatal education and access to information about pregnancy can positively
impact a mother's well-being. Which of the following topics is often included
in prenatal education programs?
a) Cooking techniques
b) Car repair skills
c) Emotional coping strategies
d) Financial planning for retirement
Answer: c) Emotional coping strategies
26. Maternal
exposure to which virus during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk
of hearing loss and vision problems in infants?
a) Measles
b) Chickenpox
c) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
d) Hepatitis B
Answer: c) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
27. Maternal
anxiety during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of which
behavioral disorder in children?
a) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
b) Bipolar disorder
c) Schizophrenia
d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Answer: a) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
28. Maternal
exposure to which substance during pregnancy has been linked to an increased
risk of neural tube defects in babies?
a) Alcohol
b) Caffeine
c) Folic acid
d) Aspirin
Answer: a) Alcohol
29. Maternal
exposure to certain pesticides during pregnancy has been associated with an
increased risk of:
a) Language delay
b) Math skills enhancement
c) Faster physical growth
d) Enhanced motor skills
Answer: a) Language delay
30. The
"baby blues" are typically short-lived and resolve on their own
within:
a) 1-2 days
b) 1-2 weeks
c) 1-2 months
d) 1-2 years
Answer: b) 1-2 weeks
31. Which of
the following maternal health conditions can have a direct impact on the baby's
brain development and cognitive abilities?
a) High blood pressure
b) Migraines
c) Asthma
d) Diabetes
Answer: a) High blood pressure
32. Maternal
exposure to which virus during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk
of intellectual disabilities and developmental delays in children?
a) Influenza
b) Herpes simplex virus
c) Zika virus
d) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Answer: d) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
33. Maternal
exposure to which substance during pregnancy has been associated with an
increased risk of cleft lip and palate in babies?
a) Folic acid
b) Alcohol
c) Vitamin C
d) Iron
Answer: b) Alcohol
34. The
hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal development
is called:
a) Testosterone
b) Progesterone
c) Estrogen
d) Oxytocin
Answer: b) Progesterone
35. Maternal
exposure to certain medications during pregnancy can lead to developmental
issues in the baby. Which medication, often used to treat acne, has been
associated with an increased risk of birth defects?
a) Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
b) Ibuprofen
c) Aspirin
d) Isotretinoin (Accutane)
Answer: d) Isotretinoin (Accutane)
36. The
condition characterized by excessive vomiting during pregnancy, leading to
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, is known as:
a) Hyperemesis gravidarum
b) Gestational diabetes
c) Eclampsia
d) Placenta previa
Answer: a) Hyperemesis gravidarum
37. Maternal
exposure to which metal during pregnancy has been associated with an increased
risk of developmental delays and cognitive impairments in children?
a) Zinc
b) Iron
c) Lead
d) Copper
Answer: c) Lead
38. Maternal
exposure to which virus during pregnancy can cause hearing loss and
intellectual disabilities in babies?
a) Influenza
b) Rubella
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Answer: d) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
39. The
hormone responsible for lactation (milk production) in mothers is called:
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Prolactin
d) Oxytocin
Answer: c) Prolactin
40. Maternal
obesity during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of:
a) Low birth weight
b) Premature birth
c) Gestational diabetes
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
41. The
period of emotional and physical adjustment after childbirth is known as:
a) Menopause
b) Andropause
c) Postpartum period
d) Perimenopause
Answer: c) Postpartum period
42. Maternal
exposure to which virus during pregnancy can lead to intellectual disabilities
and developmental delays in children?
a) Measles
b) Chickenpox
c) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
d) Hepatitis B
Answer: c) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
43. The
"baby blues" are considered a normal and common experience for many
new mothers, and they generally resolve without the need for treatment.
However, if the symptoms persist or intensify, it may indicate the presence of:
a) Postpartum depression
b) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
c) Bipolar disorder
d) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Answer: a) Postpartum depression
44. Maternal
exposure to which substance during pregnancy has been associated with an
increased risk of developmental delays and intellectual disabilities in
children?
a) Alcohol
b) Caffeine
c) Folic acid
d) Vitamin C
Answer: a) Alcohol
45. Maternal
exposure to certain medications during pregnancy can lead to birth defects in
babies. Which medication, often used to treat epilepsy, has been associated
with an increased risk of neural tube defects?
a) Ibuprofen
b) Aspirin
c) Valproic acid
d) Isotretinoin (Accutane)
Answer: c) Valproic acid
46. Maternal
exposure to which virus during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk
of vision problems and intellectual disabilities in children?
a) Measles
b) Chickenpox
c) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
d) Hepatitis B
Answer: c) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
47. Maternal
exposure to which substance during pregnancy has been associated with an
increased risk of attention and behavioral problems in children?
a) Caffeine
b) Alcohol
c) Folic acid
d) Vitamin D
Answer: a) Caffeine
48. Maternal
exposure to which virus during pregnancy has been associated with an increased
risk of birth defects, particularly affecting the heart and brain?
a) Measles
b) Rubella
c) Herpes simplex virus
d) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Answer: b) Rubella
49. Maternal
exposure to which substance during pregnancy has been associated with an
increased risk of low birth weight and developmental delays in children?
a) Alcohol
b) Caffeine
c) Folic acid
d) Iron
Answer: b) Caffeine
50. The
period of life following childbirth, characterized by significant hormonal
changes and emotional adjustments, is known as:
a) Menopause
b) Andropause
c) Postpartum period
d) Perimenopause
Answer: c) Postpartum period
I hope these
multiple-choice questions provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors
affecting mother's health and well-being in developmental psychology.
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