Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, and a fear of losing control or "going crazy"[2][4]. The experience of a panic attack is typically realized through a combination of uncomfortable physical feelings, upsetting thoughts, and distressing emotions, leading to anxiety and fear that the attack will happen again[3]. The causes of panic disorder are not fully understood, but risk factors may include family history, smoking, psychological stress, and history of child abuse[2].
The current narrative review summarizes and examines several theories of panic disorder, including biological theories such as neurochemical factors, metabolic and genetic theories, respiratory and hyperventilation theories, and cognitive theory[5]. While biological theories have informed the development of psychopharmacological treatments, psychological treatments, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), have shown efficacy in treating panic disorder[5].
Treatment for panic disorder may include counseling, medications such as antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta blockers, as well as psychological treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy[2][4]. Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to identify triggers and develop new ways of facing difficult situations, and interoceptive exposure can help reduce the fear of an attack and manage its symptoms[4].
In summary, panic disorder is a mental health condition characterized by unexpected panic attacks and intense fear. While the exact causes are unknown, various biological and cognitive theories have been proposed to explain the disorder. Treatment options include medications and psychological therapies, with cognitive-behavioral therapy showing efficacy in managing panic disorder.
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